In short: Foundation design is the geotechnical and structural engineering of a building's substructure — piles, raft slabs, footings — that transfers all building loads to competent ground. In Singapore, foundation design must be endorsed by a registered Professional Engineer (Geotechnical) under the PE Act and submitted to BCA. Common Singapore foundation types are bored piles, driven piles, micropiles, raft foundations, and shallow footings. Foundation design is one of the

In short: ERSS (Earth Retaining and Stabilising Structures) is the BCA submission category for any temporary or permanent structure designed to retain earth, support excavations, or stabilise ground. It includes sheet piles, contiguous bored piles, secant piles, soldier piles, diaphragm walls, ground anchors, and soil nailing. ERSS submissions in Singapore must be endorsed by a registered Professional Engineer (Geotechnical), with movement criteria, monitoring plans, and — fo